Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise<sup>®</sup> on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers

Gao Yan; Lim Boon Hooi; Yang Liyong; Wu Kaiyu; Wang Haibin; Li Jiang; Li Yanrui

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18

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Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise^® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers

Gao Yan

, Lim Boon Hooi^*

, Yang Liyong, Wu Kaiyu, Wang Haibin, Li Jiang, Li Yanrui

Published in Social Sciences (Volume 14, Issue 6)

Received: 17 October 2025 Accepted: 2 December 2025 Published: 27 December 2025

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Abstract

The 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® comprises a series of 12 exercises aimed at strengthening the body's core. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Participants were 40 students aged 18-22 from Linyi Golf Academy, Shandong Province, China, selected through purposive sampling. They were randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group and a control group. All participants completed a pre-test using PRGR golf rangefinder equipment before a 12-week intervention program. The intervention group underwent training and coaching in the 360° vTitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® prior to the training, while the control group only participated in warm-up exercises. Post-testing was conducted using PRGR devices after the 12-week intervention program. Statistical analysis using independent sample t-tests demonstrated significant effects, with the intervention group showing significantly higher Swing Speed in the post test compared to the control group (Intervention group post-test: M=78.65, SD=16.37; control group post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(38) = 4.504, p < 0.05). Similarly, the intervention group exhibited significantly greater Driving Distances in the post-test compared to the Control group (Intervention group post-test: M=80.30, SD=14.63; Control group post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(37) = 2.553, p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in Swing Speed between pre-test (M=60.20, SD=9.87) and post-test (M=78.65, SD=16.37) in the Intervention group (t(19) = - 7.074, p < 0.05). Similarly, there was a significant difference in Driving Distance between pre-test (M=55.80, SD=18.49) and post-test (M=80.30, SD=14.63) in the Intervention group (t(19) = -6.309, p < 0.05). In contrast, the Control group did not show significant differences in Swing Speed (pre-test: M=43.00, SD=13.10; post-test: M=46.55, SD=9.29; t(19) = -1.976, p > 0.05) and Driving Distance (pre-test: M=56.60, SD=22.53; post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(19) = -1.864, p > 0.05). viThis study demonstrates that the Intervention group exhibited significantly higher Swing Speed and further Driving Distances compared to the Control group, indicating the effectiveness of 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® in enhancing these aspects of golf performance. The findings emphasize the potential benefits of core strength improvement in enhancing technical stability, increasing on-course performance.

Published in	Social Sciences (Volume 14, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18
Page(s)	636-647
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise®1, Golf Performance2, Swing Speed3, Driving Distance4

References

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APA Style

Yan, G., Hooi, L. B., Liyong, Y., Kaiyu, W., Haibin, W., et al. (2025). Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Social Sciences, 14(6), 636-647. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18

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ACS Style

Yan, G.; Hooi, L. B.; Liyong, Y.; Kaiyu, W.; Haibin, W., et al. Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(6), 636-647. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18

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AMA Style

Yan G, Hooi LB, Liyong Y, Kaiyu W, Haibin W, et al. Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Soc Sci. 2025;14(6):636-647. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18

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@article{10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18,
  author = {Gao Yan and Lim Boon Hooi and Yang Liyong and Wu Kaiyu and Wang Haibin and Li Jiang and Li Yanrui},
  title = {Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers},
  journal = {Social Sciences},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {636-647},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20251406.18},
  abstract = {The 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® comprises a series of 12 exercises aimed at strengthening the body's core. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Participants were 40 students aged 18-22 from Linyi Golf Academy, Shandong Province, China, selected through purposive sampling. They were randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group and a control group. All participants completed a pre-test using PRGR golf rangefinder equipment before a 12-week intervention program. The intervention group underwent training and coaching in the 360° vTitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® prior to the training, while the control group only participated in warm-up exercises. Post-testing was conducted using PRGR devices after the 12-week intervention program. Statistical analysis using independent sample t-tests demonstrated significant effects, with the intervention group showing significantly higher Swing Speed in the post test compared to the control group (Intervention group post-test: M=78.65, SD=16.37; control group post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(38) = 4.504, p  0.05) and Driving Distance (pre-test: M=56.60, SD=22.53; post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(19) = -1.864, p > 0.05). viThis study demonstrates that the Intervention group exhibited significantly higher Swing Speed and further Driving Distances compared to the Control group, indicating the effectiveness of 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® in enhancing these aspects of golf performance. The findings emphasize the potential benefits of core strength improvement in enhancing technical stability, increasing on-course performance.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers
AU  - Gao Yan
AU  - Lim Boon Hooi
AU  - Yang Liyong
AU  - Wu Kaiyu
AU  - Wang Haibin
AU  - Li Jiang
AU  - Li Yanrui
Y1  - 2025/12/27
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18
T2  - Social Sciences
JF  - Social Sciences
JO  - Social Sciences
SP  - 636
EP  - 647
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-988X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18
AB  - The 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® comprises a series of 12 exercises aimed at strengthening the body's core. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Participants were 40 students aged 18-22 from Linyi Golf Academy, Shandong Province, China, selected through purposive sampling. They were randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group and a control group. All participants completed a pre-test using PRGR golf rangefinder equipment before a 12-week intervention program. The intervention group underwent training and coaching in the 360° vTitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® prior to the training, while the control group only participated in warm-up exercises. Post-testing was conducted using PRGR devices after the 12-week intervention program. Statistical analysis using independent sample t-tests demonstrated significant effects, with the intervention group showing significantly higher Swing Speed in the post test compared to the control group (Intervention group post-test: M=78.65, SD=16.37; control group post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(38) = 4.504, p  0.05) and Driving Distance (pre-test: M=56.60, SD=22.53; post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(19) = -1.864, p > 0.05). viThis study demonstrates that the Intervention group exhibited significantly higher Swing Speed and further Driving Distances compared to the Control group, indicating the effectiveness of 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® in enhancing these aspects of golf performance. The findings emphasize the potential benefits of core strength improvement in enhancing technical stability, increasing on-course performance.
VL  - 14
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Gao Yan

College of Physical Education, INTI University, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

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http://orcid.org/0009-0002-0856-513X
Lim Boon Hooi

College of Physical Education, INTI University, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

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http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0919-5425
Yang Liyong

College of Physical Education, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang, China

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Wu Kaiyu

College of Physical Education, Shanting Experimental Primary School, Zao Zhuang, China

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Wang Haibin

College of Physical Education, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang, China

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Li Jiang

College of Education, Hanjiang Normal University, Shi Yan, China

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Li Yanrui

College of Physical Education, Zao Zhuang No. 15 Middle School, Zao Zhuang, China

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Yan, G., Hooi, L. B., Liyong, Y., Kaiyu, W., Haibin, W., et al. (2025). Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Social Sciences, 14(6), 636-647. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18

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ACS Style

Yan, G.; Hooi, L. B.; Liyong, Y.; Kaiyu, W.; Haibin, W., et al. Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(6), 636-647. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18

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AMA Style

Yan G, Hooi LB, Liyong Y, Kaiyu W, Haibin W, et al. Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Soc Sci. 2025;14(6):636-647. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18

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@article{10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18,
  author = {Gao Yan and Lim Boon Hooi and Yang Liyong and Wu Kaiyu and Wang Haibin and Li Jiang and Li Yanrui},
  title = {Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers},
  journal = {Social Sciences},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {636-647},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20251406.18},
  abstract = {The 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® comprises a series of 12 exercises aimed at strengthening the body's core. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Participants were 40 students aged 18-22 from Linyi Golf Academy, Shandong Province, China, selected through purposive sampling. They were randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group and a control group. All participants completed a pre-test using PRGR golf rangefinder equipment before a 12-week intervention program. The intervention group underwent training and coaching in the 360° vTitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® prior to the training, while the control group only participated in warm-up exercises. Post-testing was conducted using PRGR devices after the 12-week intervention program. Statistical analysis using independent sample t-tests demonstrated significant effects, with the intervention group showing significantly higher Swing Speed in the post test compared to the control group (Intervention group post-test: M=78.65, SD=16.37; control group post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(38) = 4.504, p  0.05) and Driving Distance (pre-test: M=56.60, SD=22.53; post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(19) = -1.864, p > 0.05). viThis study demonstrates that the Intervention group exhibited significantly higher Swing Speed and further Driving Distances compared to the Control group, indicating the effectiveness of 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® in enhancing these aspects of golf performance. The findings emphasize the potential benefits of core strength improvement in enhancing technical stability, increasing on-course performance.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of 360° Titanium Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers
AU  - Gao Yan
AU  - Lim Boon Hooi
AU  - Yang Liyong
AU  - Wu Kaiyu
AU  - Wang Haibin
AU  - Li Jiang
AU  - Li Yanrui
Y1  - 2025/12/27
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18
T2  - Social Sciences
JF  - Social Sciences
JO  - Social Sciences
SP  - 636
EP  - 647
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-988X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.18
AB  - The 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® comprises a series of 12 exercises aimed at strengthening the body's core. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® on Swing Speed and Driving Distance in Novice Golfers. Participants were 40 students aged 18-22 from Linyi Golf Academy, Shandong Province, China, selected through purposive sampling. They were randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group and a control group. All participants completed a pre-test using PRGR golf rangefinder equipment before a 12-week intervention program. The intervention group underwent training and coaching in the 360° vTitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® prior to the training, while the control group only participated in warm-up exercises. Post-testing was conducted using PRGR devices after the 12-week intervention program. Statistical analysis using independent sample t-tests demonstrated significant effects, with the intervention group showing significantly higher Swing Speed in the post test compared to the control group (Intervention group post-test: M=78.65, SD=16.37; control group post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(38) = 4.504, p  0.05) and Driving Distance (pre-test: M=56.60, SD=22.53; post-test: M=64.00, SD=19.77; t(19) = -1.864, p > 0.05). viThis study demonstrates that the Intervention group exhibited significantly higher Swing Speed and further Driving Distances compared to the Control group, indicating the effectiveness of 360° TitaniUM Core Strength Exercise® in enhancing these aspects of golf performance. The findings emphasize the potential benefits of core strength improvement in enhancing technical stability, increasing on-course performance.
VL  - 14
IS  - 6
ER  -

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